Free online low milk supply support group + resources for parents and professionals

Community, Guidance, Education and Perspective.

Resources

General Information and Support for Low Milk SupplyLow Milk Supply Foundation
An organization dedicated to supporting the chronic low milk supply community; check out their resources for parents, supporters and providersLow Supply Mom
The feed of Kaia Lacy, a Certified Lactation Counselor with primary/chronic low supplyIGT and Low Milk Supply Support Group
A private community of people with primary/chronic low supply; open to those who meet the group's criterialatch.ie
The feed of Caoimhe Whelan, IBCLC, MSc, a researcher on low milk supply who leads another online low supply support groupUnderstanding Low Milk Supply: Definitions and Causes
A discussion of primary, secondary and perceived low milk supply from one of my mentors, Margaret Salty, MPH; also see part 2 of the seriesPhysician’s Guide to Breastfeeding
The website of breastfeeding medicine physician, breast surgeon and IBCLC Dr. Katrina Mitchell; also of note are her thoughts on insufficient glandular tissue and her photos of tubular breastsWhat Should Happen When Baby Does Not Get Enough Milk from Mom
An interview with two doctors from Baby Friendly USA; important for providers, and also for parents who are uncomfortable with the idea of supplementationKellyMom
Tips on managing low supply from a respected reference on breastfeedingWhy Did People Start Saying that 5% of Women Can't Make Enough Milk?
Rachel O'Brien, an IBCLC with a master's in human lactation, on the origins of the statistic that 5 percent of lactating parents have low supplyHow Often Does Breastfeeding Just Not Work
A blog post by breastfeeding researcher and physician Dr. Alison StuebePostpartum Support International
Helpline, resources, and peer support groups focused on perinatal mental health; offers a monthly support group for breastfeeding griefDirectoriesFind a Physician
The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine; providers see many patients with persistent low milk supplyFind an IBCLC
International Board-Certified Lactation ConsultantsFind a Milk Bank
The Human Milk Banking Association of North America, with links to milk banking associations in other regions; skip the first two paragraphs for information on receiving donor milkPumping and FormulaNew Little Life
Channel of Allison Tolman, IBCLC and breast pump expert (not specifically geared toward people who are pumping due to low supply)Infant Formula Preparation and Storage
CDC guidelines on safely preparing and storing infant formulaBreast Pump Hygiene
CDC guidelines on safely cleaning pump partsIs the Fridge Hack Safe?
Information from IBCLC and pump expert Jessica Anderson on one common method for storing flanges between uses; note that we do not endorse the fridge hack and recommend following CDC guidelines but believe parents who may already be using the fridge hack deserve more informationFlange FITS Guide
A method for fitting pump flanges/breast shields that many IBCLCs are adoptingHow to Do Paced Bottle Feeding
Bottle feeding best practice to promote continued feeding at breastBooks on Low Milk SupplyWhy Breastfeeding Grief and Trauma Matter by Amy Brown
Written by a professor of maternal and child public health whose research focuses on breastfeedingPractical Breastfeeding: An Illustrated Guide For Parents by Caoimhe Whelan
A general guide by an IBCLC and researcher on low supply, with a chapter on the topic and information about warning signs early in the book (note to professionals: prenatal resources that discuss the possibility of low supply and educate on when patients should seek prenatal lactation guidance are very important for our community and can prevent some of the shock and possible trauma of unexpected low supply)Finding Sufficiency: Breastfeeding with Insufficient Glandular Tissue by Diana Cassar-Uhl, MPH, IBCLCMaking More Milk: The Breastfeeding Guide to Increasing Your Milk Production by Lisa Marasco, MA, IBCLC, and Diana West, BA, IBCLCPodcast EpisodesChillin’ with Ceres Chill: The Skinny on Low Milk Supply with Kaia Lacy, CLC
A great discussion about the causes of low milk supply and Kaia’s experience with it.Golden Hour with Dr. O: Debunking Breastfeeding Misconceptions with Dr. Rachel Yang
Dr. Yang is a breast surgeon also specialized in breastfeeding medicine. Starting around 22 minutes she gives her thoughts on low milk supply, which people in our population may find very encouraging. Her comments on breastfeeding myths are also very helpful.Makes Milk Podcast: Low Milk Supply with Caoimhe Whelan IBCLC
A low supply researcher and IBCLC discusses her experience supporting people with primary low supply.The Next Feed: A Breastfeeding Podcast: Prof Amy Brown (Part 1): Breastfeeding Grief, and Why Things Need to ChangeEvidence Based Birth: Overcoming Challenges with Low Milk SupplyBehind the Latch: Understanding Tubular Breasts and Hypogalactia with Dr. Katrina Mitchell
Dr. Mitchell is a breast surgeon and IBCLC and she shares her thoughts on the anatomical causes of low supply.Tired Moms Club: Low Milk Supply with Kaia Lacy
An interview with a low supply expert and a pumping expert. Kaia shares her tips about approaching triple feeding (or triple feeding alternatives) to address low supply, and (so important!) when it is time to stop.Katie the Traveling IBCLC: Dr. Rachel Yang
An interview with a breastfeeding medicine doctor who treats many patients with low supply. She also discusses perinatal mood and anxiety disorders and how she helps patients with mental health challenges related to breastfeeding.The Boob Group: Breastfeeding After Previous Low Supply
Lisa Marasco, IBCLC and author of an important book on low milk supply, shares her tips.Birthful with Adriana Lozada: Breastfeeding When You Have Low Milk Supply
An old episode but still interesting, featuring an interview with IBCLC and IGT expert Diana Cassar-Uhl. Note that she briefly recommends extremely frequent pumping when baby is not transferring milk well, but many lactation consultants we trust do not recommend pumping more than 7-8 times per day even when milk supply is pump-dependent.Behind the Latch: Triple Feeding, Scope of Practice, and Collaborative Care: A Conversation with Dr. Cindy RubinThe Boob Group: Low Milk Supply: Donor Milk, Milk Banks and FormulaWomen’s Health Interrupted with Dr. Liisa Galea: Domperidone for Low Milk Supply: Is It Safe? With Dr. Janet Currie and Dr. Suzanne Hetzel Campbell
This episode does something we don’t find helpful for our community because they emphasize how extraordinarily rare primary low supply is, and they are more focused on people who take drugs because of secondary or perceived low milk supply. But their discussion of the drugs is interesting for anyone with low milk supply.Golden Hour with Dr. O: Is Breast Really Best: The Nuisance and Art of Feeding a Newborn
A nuanced discussion about making a feeding plan with lots of other useful lactation tips.Behind the Latch: Unpacking Tethered Oral Tissues: A Conversation with Dr. Alison Hazelbaker on Evidence-Based Assessment
Tongue tie is a contentious issue in the lactation world, and this interview features a tongue tie researcher with a more conservative approach.Breastfeeding Medicine Podcast
While not directly related to low supply, the beginning of this episode features a conversation between two breastfeeding medicine physicians that sheds light on why providers often delay the introduction of formula, since the assumption is that most people will not have primary low supply.NoteThis list is a work in progress so please check back soon for updates. We will be adding information soon about at-breast supplementation, kinds of low supply, and triple feeding, among other things. We will also add an FAQ section and links to printable flyers.

• For Professionals

Our tips on supporting patients with low milk supply (especially primary low supply).

For Professionals

People with low supply are used to having outsiders place value on their milk; some want them to stop because of the physical or emotional toll and perceived benefit, and others urge or pressure them to keep pushing to exclusively breastfeed, even when it may not be possible, or is not desired by the lactating parent due to the extreme obstacles they would need to overcome. Any amount of milk is valuable, and only the person who is making that milk can decide what it means to them, their baby, and their mental health. We owe it to low supply parents to present the same opportunities to work on supply that we would give to anyone, whether that means educating them about galactagogues or supporting their desire to maximize even a very small supply. At the same time, they should not be expected to do more than everyone else just because their bodies require more work to make a moderate amount of milk, and we should respect and support them if they choose to limit breastfeeding and pumping or to stop entirely.Here are some other ways we like to approach primary low supply with patients:–Help them move away from all-or-nothing thinking. Every bit of human milk they choose to give their baby for any period of time is important.–Provide support for grief when breastfeeding does not go as planned. We recommend Amy Brown’s book, Why Breastfeeding Grief and Trauma Matter. Or have them come to our support group or a breastfeeding grief group from PSI International. Whether they have ended their breastfeeding journey, are exclusively pumping (while not exclusively giving their own milk), or are direct breastfeeding with supplementation, parents deserve to be part of a community where they can process the feelings that come with the shock of not being able to breast/chestfeed as they had hoped. Often, a typical lactation support group is not the place for this. But these spaces do exist (check out our list of resources too).–An SNS or at-breast supplementer is a legitimate long-term tool for the low supply community. While this isn’t for everyone, some people with low supply choose to feed this way for months or years. Breastfeeding is obviously about a lot more than just milk, and there is a segment of the low supply population for whom at-breast supplementation creates a much desired and otherwise elusive path to experiencing that very specific kind of connection. We owe it to patients to present this option while also understanding that many will not want to use it, and that others have experienced trauma from feeling like they had to use an SNS in past attempts to increase supply.–The superpower of known cases of primary low milk supply is that we don’t necessarily have that pressure to follow all the best practices to make a full supply, because we very likely can’t. Every individual can decide if it’s worth it to them to take certain actions that will have a moderate effect on supply, in absolute terms. For example, someone may choose to get longer stretches of sleep because they decide that rest is more important than a few ounces (or more, or much less) of additional milk per day. On the other hand, they also get to decide what is worth the extra effort to them, and it may be a lot more than those capable of making a full supply would ever have to do.-A positive perspective can go a long way. If we want our clients and patients to understand that there is value in any amount of milk they can produce, we should start by reframing how we talk and think about low milk supply, even in professional circles. So let’s avoid saying that someone’s supply is “almost nothing” or that they’re nursing “just for comfort” and focus instead on the hard work from the family and benefit to the baby.–While it’s important to promote self-efficacy and empowerment, we have an ethical responsibility to the low supply community. Prenatal education should include a discussion about primary low milk supply, ideally with signs that someone should seek a prenatal lactation consultation. If we can identify people at risk of low supply before the baby is born, we have a chance of mitigating some of the trauma that can accompany unexpected low supply. It will also allow for families to make a plan to maximize milk production and for providers to be especially watchful for signs of undernourishment in the first days. Patients have the right to know this information about their health, and to be informed about it when intervention can have the greatest impact. See page 31 of Caoimhe Whelan’s book, Practical Breastfeeding: An Illustrated Guide for Parents, for an elegant example.–UCSF’s Sarah Quigley, MA, IBCLC, tells patients that they are in a judgment-free zone and that she is there to support them however they choose to feed their babies. These words are never more needed than in a consultation with a low supply parent.Thank you for taking the time to read this!

• Journal Articles

A very incomplete and imperfect list; please contact me if you know of an article I should add or if you notice an issue with one of the articles I have listed here. I have not reviewed all of these but I wanted to create a repository of articles about low supply.

Articles on Low Milk Supply

Ajgaonkar, A., Debnath, T., Bhatnagar, S., Debnath, K., & Langade, J. (2025). Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd) root extract for postpartum lactation: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2025.2564168Jin, X., Lai, C. T., Perrella, S. L., Zhou, X., Hassan, G. M., McEachran, J. L., Gridneva, Z., Taylor, N. L., Wlodek, M. E., & Geddes, D. T. (2025). Milk composition is predictive of low milk supply using machine learning approaches. Diagnostics, 15(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15020191Manshanden, T. M. N., Abelha, S. G., Velzel, J., et al. (2025). Characteristics and experiences of lactating women with measured low milk production. International Breastfeeding Journal, 20, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-025-00753-1Scott, S. F., Searcy, J., & Jordan, I. (2025). “Why is there not a doctor that knows anything about this part of my body?” Patient perspectives on chronic lactation insufficiency. Breastfeeding Medicine, 20(8). https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2025.0018Whelan, C., O’Brien, D., & Hyde, A. (2025). Breastfeeding with primary low milk supply: A phenomenological exploration of mothers’ lived experiences of postnatal breastfeeding support. International Breastfeeding Journal, 20, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-025-00699-4Golan, Y., [et al.]. (2025). Genomic characterization of normal and aberrant human milk production. Science Advances, 11, eadr7174. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr7174Kam, R. L., Amir, L. H., Cullinane, M., Ingram, J., Li, X., & Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. (2024). Breast hypoplasia markers among women who report insufficient milk production: A retrospective online survey. PLOS ONE, 19(2), e0299642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299642Conrey, S. C., Nommsen-Rivers, L., Burrell, A. R., Staat, M. A., & Morrow, A. L. (2024). Early formula supplementation differs by maternal body mass index but does not explain breastfeeding outcomes in mothers who intend to exclusively breastfeed. Current Developments in Nutrition, 8(11), 104472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104472 (PMC)Conrey, S. C., Burrell, A. R., Staat, M. A., Washington, D. M., Taft, D. H., Nommsen-Rivers, L., & Morrow, A. L. (2024). Obesity and prenatal intention as predictors of meeting breastfeeding recommendations in an urban birth cohort. Breastfeeding Medicine, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2023.0207Grzeskowiak, L., Rumbold, A., Williams, L., Kam, R., Ingman, W., Keir, A., Martinello, K., & Amir, L. (2024). Effect of brewer’s yeast or beta-glucan on breast milk supply following preterm birth: The BLOOM study – Protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. International Breastfeeding Journal, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-024-00650-zJin, X., Perrella, S. L., Lai, C. T., Taylor, N. L., & Geddes, D. T. (2024). Causes of low milk supply: The roles of estrogens, progesterone, and related external factors. Advances in Nutrition, 15(1), 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.002Kam, R., Bennetts, S. K., Cullinane, M., & Amir, L. (2024). “I didn’t want to let go of the dream”: Exploring women’s personal stories of how their low milk supply was discovered. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 40, 100953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2024.100953Scott, S. F., & Bute, J. J. (2024). “It doesn’t have to be all or nothing”: How individuals who use infant formula understand the breastfeeding master narrative. Health Communication, 40(2), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2024.2344284Spatz, D. L., Álvarez Rodríguez, S., Benjilany, S., Finderle, B., von Gartzen, A., Yates, A., & Brumley, J. (2024). Having enough milk to sustain a lactation journey: A call to action. Nursing for Women’s Health, 28(4), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2024.02.007Sullivan, R., Confair, A., & Hicks, S. D. (2024). Milk levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 identify mothers with low milk supply. PLOS ONE, 19(6), e0305421. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305421Whelan, C., O’Brien, D., & Hyde, A. (2024). Mother's emotional experiences of breastfeeding with primary low milk supply in the first four months postpartum: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Breastfeeding Medicine, 19(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2023.0231Hicks, S. D., Chandran, D., Confair, A., Ward, A., & Kelleher, S. L. (2023). Human milk-derived levels of let-7g-5p may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of low milk supply in breastfeeding women. Nutrients, 15(3), 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030567Lai, C. T., Jin, X., Zhou, X., Stinson, L. F., Wlodek, M. E., Perrella, S. L., Gridneva, Z., & Geddes, D. T. (2023). Biomarkers of low milk supply. Proceedings, 93(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023093005Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Cetinkaya, H., & Stuebe, A. M. (2023). Enabling breastfeeding for women with obesity. Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports, 12, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13669-023-00365-8Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Wagner, E. A., Roznowski, D. M., Riddle, S. W., Ward, L. P., & Thompson, A. (2022). Response to Verd et al. re: “Measures of maternal metabolic health as predictors of severely low milk production.” Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(11), 974–975. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0193Spatz, D. L. (2022). Treatment of low milk supply. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 47(6), 361. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMC.0000000000000867Verd, S., Tur, A., & Mambie, M. (2022). Re: "Measures of Maternal Metabolic Health as Predictors of Severely Low Milk Production" by Nommsen-Rivers et al: Progression of Research to the Central Hypothesis That Waning Insulin Secretion Is an Important Cause of Low Milk Supply. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(11), 973. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0168Conrey, S. C., Burrell, A. R., Mattison, C., Payne, D., Staat, M. A., Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A., & Morrow, A. M. (2022). Pre‑pregnancy obesity associated with lower odds of meeting breastfeeding recommendations when controlling for prenatal intentions. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(Suppl 1), 633. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.017Kam, R., Amir, L., & Cullinane, M. (2022). Response to Spatz re: "Is there an association between breast hypoplasia and breastfeeding outcomes? A systematic review." Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(1), 94–95. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0094Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Wagner, E. A., Roznowski, D. M., Riddle, S. W., Ward, L. P., & Thompson, A. (2022). Measures of maternal metabolic health as predictors of severely low milk production. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(7), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0292Piccolo, O., Kinshella, ML.W., Salimu, S. et al. Healthcare worker perspectives on mother’s insufficient milk supply in Malawi. International Breastfeeding Journal 17, 14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-022-00460-1Walker, R. E., Harvatine, K. J., Ross, A. C., Wagner, E. A., Riddle, S. W., Gernand, A. D., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2022). Fatty acid transfer from blood to milk is disrupted in mothers with low milk production, obesity, and inflammation. The Journal of Nutrition, 152(12), 2716–2726. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac220Walker, R. E., Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A., Harvatine, K. J., Riddle, S. W., Ross, A. C., Wagner, E. A., & Gernand, A. D. (2022). Inflammation may alter the association between serum and milk fatty acid profiles in women with low milk production. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(Suppl 1), 723. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.107Bernardo, K., Hovey, R., Trott, J., Wagner, E., Karns, R., Riddle, S., Thompson, A., Ward, L., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2021). Hormone‑sensitive gene signatures in the mammary epithelial cells of lactating women with persistent low milk production. Current Developments in Nutrition, 5(Suppl 2), 720. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_017Farah, E., Barger, M. K., Klima, C., Rossman, B., & Hershberger, P. (2021). Impaired lactation: Review of delayed lactogenesis and insufficient lactation. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 66(6), 749–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13274Kam, R., Amir, L., & Cullinane, M. (2021). Is there an association between breast hypoplasia and breastfeeding outcomes? A systematic review. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0032Shere, H., Weijer, L., Dashnow, H., Moreno, L. E., Scott, S. F., & Baker, H. (2021). Chronic lactation insufficiency is a public health issue: Commentary on “We need patient-centered research in breastfeeding medicine” by Stuebe. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(12), 349–350. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0202Foong, S. C., Tan, M. L., Foong, W. C., Marasco, L. A., Ho, J. J., & Ong, J. H. (2020). Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(5), CD011505. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2Rao, M. M. S., Broughton, K. S., & LeMieux, M. J. (2020). Cross-sectional study on the knowledge and prevalence of PCOS at a multiethnic university. Progress in Preventive Medicine, 5, e0028. https://doi.org/10.1097/pp9.0000000000000028Roznowski, D. M., Wagner, E. A., Riddle, S. W., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2020). Validity of a 3‑Hour Breast Milk Expression Protocol in Estimating Current Maternal Milk Production Capacity and Infant Breast Milk Intake in Exclusively Breastfeeding Dyads. Breastfeeding Medicine, 15(10), 630–638. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0182Colling, K., Ward, L., Beck, A., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2019). Contribution of maternal obesity to medically indicated and elective formula supplementation in a Baby‑Friendly hospital. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(4), 236‑242. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0185Grzeskowiak, L. E., Wlodek, M. E., & Geddes, D. T. (2019). What Evidence Do We Have for Pharmaceutical Galactagogues in the Treatment of Lactation Insufficiency?-A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 11(5), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050974Nommsen‑Rivers, L., Thompson, A., Riddle, S., Ward, L., Wagner, E., & King, E. (2019). Feasibility and acceptability of metformin to augment low milk supply: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation, 35(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334418819465Brodribb W. (2018). ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactagogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Production, Second Revision 2018. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(5), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.29092.wjbBrown, A. (2018). What do women lose if they are prevented from meeting their breastfeeding goals? Clinical Lactation, 9(4), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1891/2158-0782.9.4.200Demirci, J., Schmella, M., Glasser, M., Bodnar, L., & Himes, K. P. (2018). Delayed lactogenesis II and potential utility of antenatal milk expression in women developing late-onset preeclampsia: A case series. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1693-5Glover, A. V., Berry, D. C., Schwartz, T. A., & Stuebe, A. M. (2018). The association of metabolic dysfunction with breastfeeding outcomes in gestational diabetes. American Journal of Perinatology, 35(14), 1339–1345. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1626713Mehta, A., Rathi, A. K., Kushwaha, K. P., & Singh, A. (2018). Relactation in lactation failure and low milk supply. Sudan Journal of Paediatrics, 18(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.24911/SJP.2018.1.6Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Riddle, S. A., Thompson, A., Ward, L., & Wagner, E. (2018). Milk production in mothers with and without signs of insulin resistance. The FASEB Journal, 31(Supplement 1), 650.9. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_ supplement.650.9Riddle, S. W., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2017). Low milk supply and the pediatrician. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 29(2), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000468Ward, L., Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A., & Riddle, S. (2017). Re: “ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2017” by Kellams et al. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(9), 574–575. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.0081Kellams, A., Harrel, C., Omage, S., Gregory, C., & Rosen-Carole, C. (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.29038.ajkKraut, R. Y., Brown, E., Korownyk, C., et al. (2017). The impact of breast reduction surgery on breastfeeding: Systematic review of observational studies. PLOS ONE, 12(10), e0186591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186591Murase, M., Wagner, E. A., Chantry, C. J., Dewey, K. G., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2017). The relation between breast milk sodium to potassium ratio and maternal report of a milk supply concern. The Journal of Pediatrics, 181, 294–297.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.044Bazzano, A. N., Hofer, R., Thibeau, S., Gillispie, V., Jacobs, M., & Theall, K. P. (2016). A Review of Herbal and Pharmaceutical Galactagogues for Breast-Feeding. Ochsner Journal, 16(4), 511–524.Haase, B., Taylor, S. N., Mauldin, J., Johnson, T. S., & Wagner, C. L. (2016). Domperidone for Treatment of Low Milk Supply in Breast Pump-Dependent Mothers of Hospitalized Premature Infants: A Clinical Protocol. Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 32(2), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334416630539Lee, S., & Kelleher, S. L. (2016). Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: The role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 311(2), E405–E422. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2015Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Riddle, S. W., Thompson, A. A., Ward, L. P., & Wagner, E. A. (2016). Metformin to augment low milk supply: A protocol summary. The FASEB Journal, 30(Supplement 1), 1150.8. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.1150.8Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. (2016). Does insulin explain the relation between maternal obesity and poor lactation outcomes? An overview of the literature. Advances in Nutrition, 7(2), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011007Riddle, S. W., & Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. (2016). A case control study of diabetes during pregnancy and low milk supply. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(2), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.0120Brown, A., Rance, J., & Bennett, P. (2015). Understanding the relationship between breastfeeding and postnatal depression: The role of pain and physical difficulties. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(11), 2738–2749. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12832Cromi, A., Serati, M., Candeloro, I., Uccella, S., Scandroglio, S., Agosti, M., & Ghezzi, F. (2015). Assisted reproductive technology and breastfeeding outcomes: a case-control study. Fertility and Sterility, 103(1), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.10.009Paul, C., Zénut, M., Dorut, A., Coudoré, M. A., Vein, J., Cardot, J. M., & Balayssac, D. (2015). Use of domperidone as a galactagogue drug: a systematic review of the benefit-risk ratio. Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 31(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334414561265Murase, M., Nommsen-Rivers, L., Morrow, A. L., et al. (2014). Predictors of low milk volume among mothers who delivered preterm. Journal of Human Lactation, 30(4), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334414543951Grzeskowiak, L. E., & Amir, L. H. (2014). Pharmacological management of low milk supply with domperidone: separating fact from fiction. The Medical journal of Australia, 201(5), 257–258. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00626

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Thanks to Kate, Sarah Quigley, Kaia Lacy, Margaret Salty, Rotem Pearlson, the Low Milk Supply Foundation, the IGT and Low Milk Supply Support Group, and my two favorite daughters.Thanks to all of you for reading and sharing this site and for attending or recommending the group!