Academic Articles

A Very Incomplete and Imperfect List

Note: Please get in touch if you know of an article we should add or if you notice an issue with one of the articles we have listed here. We have not reviewed all of these but wanted to create a repository of articles about low supply.

Ajgaonkar, A., Debnath, T., Bhatnagar, S., Debnath, K., & Langade, J. (2025). Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd) root extract for postpartum lactation: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 45*(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2025.2564168

Jin, X., Lai, C. T., Perrella, S. L., Zhou, X., Hassan, G. M., McEachran, J. L., Gridneva, Z., Taylor, N. L., Wlodek, M. E., & Geddes, D. T. (2025). Milk composition is predictive of low milk supply using machine learning approaches. *Diagnostics, 15*(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15020191

Manshanden, T. M. N., Abelha, S. G., Velzel, J., et al. (2025). Characteristics and experiences of lactating women with measured low milk production. *International Breastfeeding Journal, 20*, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-025-00753-1

Scott, S. F., Searcy, J., & Jordan, I. (2025). “Why is there not a doctor that knows anything about this part of my body?” Patient perspectives on chronic lactation insufficiency. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 20*(8). https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2025.0018

Whelan, C., O’Brien, D., & Hyde, A. (2025). Breastfeeding with primary low milk supply: A phenomenological exploration of mothers’ lived experiences of postnatal breastfeeding support. *International Breastfeeding Journal, 20*, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-025-00699-4

Golan, Y., [et al.]. (2025). Genomic characterization of normal and aberrant human milk production. *Science Advances, 11*, eadr7174. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr7174

Kam, R. L., Amir, L. H., Cullinane, M., Ingram, J., Li, X., & Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. (2024). Breast hypoplasia markers among women who report insufficient milk production: A retrospective online survey. *PLOS ONE, 19*(2), e0299642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299642

Conrey, S. C., Nommsen-Rivers, L., Burrell, A. R., Staat, M. A., & Morrow, A. L. (2024). Early formula supplementation differs by maternal body mass index but does not explain breastfeeding outcomes in mothers who intend to exclusively breastfeed. *Current Developments in Nutrition, 8*(11), 104472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104472 (PMC)

Conrey, S. C., Burrell, A. R., Staat, M. A., Washington, D. M., Taft, D. H., Nommsen-Rivers, L., & Morrow, A. L. (2024). Obesity and prenatal intention as predictors of meeting breastfeeding recommendations in an urban birth cohort. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 19*(2). https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2023.0207

Grzeskowiak, L., Rumbold, A., Williams, L., Kam, R., Ingman, W., Keir, A., Martinello, K., & Amir, L. (2024). Effect of brewer’s yeast or beta-glucan on breast milk supply following preterm birth: The BLOOM study – Protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. *International Breastfeeding Journal, 19*(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-024-00650-z

Jin, X., Perrella, S. L., Lai, C. T., Taylor, N. L., & Geddes, D. T. (2024). Causes of low milk supply: The roles of estrogens, progesterone, and related external factors. *Advances in Nutrition, 15*(1), 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.002

Kam, R., Bennetts, S. K., Cullinane, M., & Amir, L. (2024). “I didn’t want to let go of the dream”: Exploring women’s personal stories of how their low milk supply was discovered. *Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 40*, 100953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2024.100953

Scott, S. F., & Bute, J. J. (2024). “It doesn’t have to be all or nothing”: How individuals who use infant formula understand the breastfeeding master narrative. *Health Communication, 40*(2), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2024.2344284

Spatz, D. L., Álvarez Rodríguez, S., Benjilany, S., Finderle, B., von Gartzen, A., Yates, A., & Brumley, J. (2024). Having enough milk to sustain a lactation journey: A call to action. *Nursing for Women’s Health, 28*(4), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2024.02.007

Sullivan, R., Confair, A., & Hicks, S. D. (2024). Milk levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 identify mothers with low milk supply. *PLOS ONE, 19*(6), e0305421. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305421

Whelan, C., O’Brien, D., & Hyde, A. (2024). Mother’s emotional experiences of breastfeeding with primary low milk supply in the first four months postpartum: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 19*(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2023.0231

Hicks, S. D., Chandran, D., Confair, A., Ward, A., & Kelleher, S. L. (2023). Human milk-derived levels of let-7g-5p may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of low milk supply in breastfeeding women. *Nutrients, 15*(3), 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030567

Lai, C. T., Jin, X., Zhou, X., Stinson, L. F., Wlodek, M. E., Perrella, S. L., Gridneva, Z., & Geddes, D. T. (2023). Biomarkers of low milk supply. *Proceedings, 93*(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023093005

Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Cetinkaya, H., & Stuebe, A. M. (2023). Enabling breastfeeding for women with obesity. *Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports, 12*, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13669-023-00365-8

Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Wagner, E. A., Roznowski, D. M., Riddle, S. W., Ward, L. P., & Thompson, A. (2022). Response to Verd et al. re: “Measures of maternal metabolic health as predictors of severely low milk production.” *Breastfeeding Medicine, 17*(11), 974–975. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0193

Spatz, D. L. (2022). Treatment of low milk supply. MCN, *The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 47*(6), 361. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMC.0000000000000867

Verd, S., Tur, A., & Mambie, M. (2022). Re: “Measures of Maternal Metabolic Health as Predictors of Severely Low Milk Production” by Nommsen-Rivers et al: Progression of Research to the Central Hypothesis That Waning Insulin Secretion Is an Important Cause of Low Milk Supply. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 17*(11), 973. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0168

Conrey, S. C., Burrell, A. R., Mattison, C., Payne, D., Staat, M. A., Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A., & Morrow, A. M. (2022). Pre‑pregnancy obesity associated with lower odds of meeting breastfeeding recommendations when controlling for prenatal intentions. *Current Developments in Nutrition, 6*(Suppl 1), 633. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.017

Kam, R., Amir, L., & Cullinane, M. (2022). Response to Spatz re: “Is there an association between breast hypoplasia and breastfeeding outcomes? A systematic review.” *Breastfeeding Medicine, 17*(1), 94–95. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0094

Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Wagner, E. A., Roznowski, D. M., Riddle, S. W., Ward, L. P., & Thompson, A. (2022). Measures of maternal metabolic health as predictors of severely low milk production. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 17*(7), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0292

Piccolo, O., Kinshella, ML.W., Salimu, S. et al. Healthcare worker perspectives on mother’s insufficient milk supply in Malawi. *International Breastfeeding Journal 17*, 14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-022-00460-1

Walker, R. E., Harvatine, K. J., Ross, A. C., Wagner, E. A., Riddle, S. W., Gernand, A. D., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2022). Fatty acid transfer from blood to milk is disrupted in mothers with low milk production, obesity, and inflammation. *The Journal of Nutrition, 152*(12), 2716–2726. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac220

Walker, R. E., Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A., Harvatine, K. J., Riddle, S. W., Ross, A. C., Wagner, E. A., & Gernand, A. D. (2022). Inflammation may alter the association between serum and milk fatty acid profiles in women with low milk production. *Current Developments in Nutrition, 6*(Suppl 1), 723. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.107

Bernardo, K., Hovey, R., Trott, J., Wagner, E., Karns, R., Riddle, S., Thompson, A., Ward, L., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2021). Hormone‑sensitive gene signatures in the mammary epithelial cells of lactating women with persistent low milk production. *Current Developments in Nutrition, 5*(Suppl 2), 720. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046\_017

Farah, E., Barger, M. K., Klima, C., Rossman, B., & Hershberger, P. (2021). Impaired lactation: Review of delayed lactogenesis and insufficient lactation. *Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 66*(6), 749–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13274

Kam, R., Amir, L., & Cullinane, M. (2021). Is there an association between breast hypoplasia and breastfeeding outcomes? A systematic review. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 16*(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0032

Shere, H., Weijer, L., Dashnow, H., Moreno, L. E., Scott, S. F., & Baker, H. (2021). Chronic lactation insufficiency is a public health issue: Commentary on “We need patient-centered research in breastfeeding medicine” by Stuebe. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 16*(12), 349–350. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0202

Foong, S. C., Tan, M. L., Foong, W. C., Marasco, L. A., Ho, J. J., & Ong, J. H. (2020). Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants. *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020*(5), CD011505. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2

Rao, M. M. S., Broughton, K. S., & LeMieux, M. J. (2020). Cross-sectional study on the knowledge and prevalence of PCOS at a multiethnic university. *Progress in Preventive Medicine*, *5*, e0028. https://doi.org/10.1097/pp9.0000000000000028

Roznowski, D. M., Wagner, E. A., Riddle, S. W., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2020). Validity of a 3‑Hour Breast Milk Expression Protocol in Estimating Current Maternal Milk Production Capacity and Infant Breast Milk Intake in Exclusively Breastfeeding Dyads. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 15*(10), 630–638. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0182

Colling, K., Ward, L., Beck, A., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2019). Contribution of maternal obesity to medically indicated and elective formula supplementation in a Baby‑Friendly hospital. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 14*(4), 236‑242. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0185

Grzeskowiak, L. E., Wlodek, M. E., & Geddes, D. T. (2019). What Evidence Do We Have for Pharmaceutical Galactagogues in the Treatment of Lactation Insufficiency?-A Narrative Review. *Nutrients, 11*(5), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050974

Nommsen‑Rivers, L., Thompson, A., Riddle, S., Ward, L., Wagner, E., & King, E. (2019). Feasibility and acceptability of metformin to augment low milk supply: A pilot randomized controlled trial. *Journal of Human Lactation, 35*(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334418819465

Brodribb W. (2018). ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactagogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Production, Second Revision 2018. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 13*(5), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.29092.wjb

Brown, A. (2018). What do women lose if they are prevented from meeting their breastfeeding goals? *Clinical Lactation, 9*(4), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1891/2158-0782.9.4.200

Demirci, J., Schmella, M., Glasser, M., Bodnar, L., & Himes, K. P. (2018). Delayed lactogenesis II and potential utility of antenatal milk expression in women developing late-onset preeclampsia: A case series. *BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18*(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1693-5

Glover, A. V., Berry, D. C., Schwartz, T. A., & Stuebe, A. M. (2018). The association of metabolic dysfunction with breastfeeding outcomes in gestational diabetes. *American Journal of Perinatology, 35*(14), 1339–1345. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1626713

Mehta, A., Rathi, A. K., Kushwaha, K. P., & Singh, A. (2018). Relactation in lactation failure and low milk supply. *Sudan Journal of Paediatrics, 18*(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.24911/SJP.2018.1.6

Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Riddle, S. A., Thompson, A., Ward, L., & Wagner, E. (2018). Milk production in mothers with and without signs of insulin resistance. *The FASEB Journal, 31*(Supplement 1), 650.9. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1\_\ssupplement.650.9

Riddle, S. W., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2017). Low milk supply and the pediatrician. *Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 29*(2), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000468

Ward, L., Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A., & Riddle, S. (2017). Re: “ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2017” by Kellams et al. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 12*(9), 574–575. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.0081

Kellams, A., Harrel, C., Omage, S., Gregory, C., & Rosen-Carole, C. (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 12*, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.29038.ajk

Kraut, R. Y., Brown, E., Korownyk, C., et al. (2017). The impact of breast reduction surgery on breastfeeding: Systematic review of observational studies. *PLOS ONE, 12*(10), e0186591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186591

Murase, M., Wagner, E. A., Chantry, C. J., Dewey, K. G., & Nommsen‑Rivers, L. A. (2017). The relation between breast milk sodium to potassium ratio and maternal report of a milk supply concern. *The Journal of Pediatrics, 181*, 294–297.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.044

Bazzano, A. N., Hofer, R., Thibeau, S., Gillispie, V., Jacobs, M., & Theall, K. P. (2016). A Review of Herbal and Pharmaceutical Galactagogues for Breast-Feeding. *Ochsner Journal, 16*(4), 511–524.

Haase, B., Taylor, S. N., Mauldin, J., Johnson, T. S., & Wagner, C. L. (2016). Domperidone for Treatment of Low Milk Supply in Breast Pump-Dependent Mothers of Hospitalized Premature Infants: A Clinical Protocol. *Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 32*(2), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334416630539

Lee, S., & Kelleher, S. L. (2016). Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: The role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology. *American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 311*(2), E405–E422. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2015

Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Riddle, S. W., Thompson, A. A., Ward, L. P., & Wagner, E. A. (2016). Metformin to augment low milk supply: A protocol summary. *The FASEB Journal, 30*(Supplement 1), 1150.8. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.1150.8

Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. (2016). Does insulin explain the relation between maternal obesity and poor lactation outcomes? An overview of the literature. *Advances in Nutrition, 7*(2), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011007

Riddle, S. W., & Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. (2016). A case control study of diabetes during pregnancy and low milk supply. *Breastfeeding Medicine, 11*(2), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.0120

Brown, A., Rance, J., & Bennett, P. (2015). Understanding the relationship between breastfeeding and postnatal depression: The role of pain and physical difficulties. *Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72*(11), 2738–2749. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12832

Cromi, A., Serati, M., Candeloro, I., Uccella, S., Scandroglio, S., Agosti, M., & Ghezzi, F. (2015). Assisted reproductive technology and breastfeeding outcomes: a case-control study. *Fertility and Sterility, 103*(1), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.10.009

Paul, C., Zénut, M., Dorut, A., Coudoré, M. A., Vein, J., Cardot, J. M., & Balayssac, D. (2015). Use of domperidone as a galactagogue drug: a systematic review of the benefit-risk ratio. *Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 31*(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334414561265

Murase, M., Nommsen-Rivers, L., Morrow, A. L., et al. (2014). Predictors of low milk volume among mothers who delivered preterm. *Journal of Human Lactation, 30*(4), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334414543951

Grzeskowiak, L. E., & Amir, L. H. (2014). Pharmacological management of low milk supply with domperidone: separating fact from fiction. *The Medical journal of Australia, 201*(5), 257–258. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00626

Alok, S., Jain, S. K., Verma, A., Kumar, M., Mahor, A., & Sabharwal, M. (2013). Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review. *Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 3*(3), 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60049-3

Budzynska, K., Gardner, Z. E., Low Dog, T., & Gardiner, P. (2013). Complementary, holistic, and integrative medicine: advice for clinicians on herbs and breastfeeding. *Pediatrics in Review, 34*(8), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.34-8-343

Toronto Public Health. (2013). Breastfeeding Protocol #12: Insufficient Breast Milk Supply. Toronto, ON: Toronto Public Health. https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/8eb6-tph-breastfeeding-protocol-12-insufficient-breast-milk-2013.pdf

Brownell, E., Howard, C. R., Lawrence, R. A., & Dozier, A. M. (2012). Delayed onset lactogenesis II predicts the cessation of any or exclusive breastfeeding. *Journal of Pediatrics, 161*(4), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.03.035

Donovan, T. J., & Buchanan, K. (2012). Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their preterm hospitalised infants. *The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012*(3), CD005544. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005544.pub2

Ingram, J., Taylor, H., Churchill, C., Pike, A., & Greenwood, R. (2012). Metoclopramide or domperidone for increasing maternal breast milk output: a randomised controlled trial. *Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 97*(4), F241–F245. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300601

Macias, H., & Hinck, L. (2012). Mammary gland development. *Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology, 1*(5), 533–557. https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.35

Shivaprasad, C. (2011). Sheehan’s syndrome: Newer advances. *Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 15*(Suppl. 3), S203–S207. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.84869

Powe, C. E., Allen, M., Puopolo, K. M., Merewood, A., Worden, S., Johnson, L. C., Fleischman, A., & Welt, C. K. (2010). Recombinant human prolactin for the treatment of lactation insufficiency. *Clinical Endocrinology, 73*(5), 645–653. https://doi.org/10

Fernandez-Gonzalez, R., Illa-Bochaca, I., Welm, B. E., Fleisch, M. C., Werb, Z., Ortiz-de-Solorzano, C., & Barcellos-Hoff, M. H. (2009). Mapping mammary gland architecture using multi-scale in situ analysis. *Integrative Biology: Quantitative Biosciences from Nano to Macro, 1*(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1039/b816933k

Morton, J., Hall, J. Y., Wong, R. J., Thairu, L., Benitz, W. E., & Rhine, W. D. (2009). Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases milk production in mothers of preterm infants. *Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association, 29*(11), 757–764. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.87

Carroli, G., Cuesta, C., Abalos, E., & Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2008). Epidemiology of postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review. *Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 22*(6), 999–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.004

Baker, J. L., Michaelsen, K. F., Sørensen, T. I., & Rasmussen, K. M. (2007). High prepregnant body mass index is associated with early termination of full and any breastfeeding in Danish women. *The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86*(2), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.2.404

Geddes D. T. (2007). Inside the lactating breast: the latest anatomy research. *Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 52*(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.004

Michalopoulos, K. (2007). The effects of breast augmentation surgery on future ability to lactate. *The Breast Journal, 13*(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4741.2006.00364.x

Carlezon, W. A., Jr., Duman, R. S., & Nestler, E. J. (2005). The many faces of CREB. *Trends in Neurosciences, 28*(8), 436–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.06.005

Glueck, C. J., Bornovali, S., Pranikoff, J., Goldenberg, N., Dharashivkar, S., & Wang, P. (2004). Metformin, pre-eclampsia, and pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. *Diabetic Medicine, 21*(8), 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01251.x

Grajeda, R., & Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2002). Stress during labor and delivery is associated with delayed onset of lactation among urban Guatemalan women. *The Journal of Nutrition, 132*(10), 3055–3060. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.10.3055

Neifert, M. R. (2001). Prevention of breastfeeding tragedies. *Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48*(2), 273–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70313-5

Marasco, L., Marmet, C., & Shell, E. (2000). Polycystic ovary syndrome: A connection to insufficient milk supply? *Journal of Human Lactation, 16*(2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033440001600211

Bodley, V., & Powers, D. (1999). Patient with insufficient glandular tissue experiences milk supply increase attributed to progesterone treatment for luteal phase defect. *Journal of Human Lactation, 15*(4), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033449901500415

Hurst, N. M. (1996). Lactation after augmentation mammoplasty. *Obstetrics & Gynecology, 87*(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-7844(95)00349-5

Ostrom, K. M., & Ferris, A. M. (1993). Prolactin concentrations in serum and milk of mothers with and without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. *American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58*(1), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/58.1.49

Aisaka, K., Yoshida, K., & Mori, H. (1992). Analysis of clinical backgrounds and pathogenesis of luteal-phase defect. *Hormone Research, 37*(Suppl. 1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1159/000182347

Neifert, M., DeMarzo, S., Seacat, J., Young, D., Leff, M., & Orleans, M. (1990). The influence of breast surgery, breast appearance, and pregnancy-induced breast changes on lactation sufficiency as measured by infant weight gain. *Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 17*(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536x.1990.tb00007.x

Neifert, M. R., Seacat, J. M., & Jobe, W. E. (1985). Lactation failure due to insufficient glandular development of the breast. *Pediatrics, 76*(5), 823–828.

Butte, N. F., Garza, C., Smith, E. O., & Nichols, B. L. (1984). Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. *Journal of Pediatrics, 104*(2), 187–195.

Dewey, K. G., & Lönnerdal, B. (1983). Milk and nutrient intake of breast-fed infants from 1 to 6 months: Relation to growth and fatness. *Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2*(3), 497–506.

Brown, K., Black, R., Robertson, A., Akhtar, N., Ahmed, G., & Becker, S. (1982). Clinical and field studies of human lactation: Methodological considerations. *American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 35*(4), 745–756.